Journal of Agronomy Research

Journal of Agronomy Research

Journal of Agronomy Research

Current Issue Volume No: 1 Issue No: 1

Research Article Open Access Available online freely Peer Reviewed Citation

Evaluation of Some Sugar Beet Genotypes Under Drought Stress Based on Selection Indices

Salah A. Okasha 1,   Mohamed H. Mubarak 2  

1Agronomy Dept, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

2Plant Production Dept, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, North Sinai, Egypt

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine drought tolerant indices of some sugar beet genotypes under water stress and non-stress conditions. Nine sugar beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) genotypes were tested in a Split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design in three replications under three levels of water stress 100%, 75% and 50% from plant requirements at the experimental farm Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt during 2015/ 2016 and 2016 / 2017 seasons. Twelve drought tolerance indices were used in this study, stress sensitivity index (SSI), stress tolerance (TOL), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean (GMP), harmonic mean (HM),yield stability index (YSI), yield index (YI), stress tolerance index (STI), sensitivity drought index (SDI), relative drought index (RDI), drought response index (DI) and stress susceptibility percentage index (SSPI). GMP, MP and STI were more informative towards classification of better or superior genotypes with respect to tolerant and sensitive groups. The results showed that the genotypes with high STI, GMP and MP values were suitable for cultivation under drought stress and non-stress environments. Both Yp and Ys of root yield in the control-50% analysis had significantly positive correlated (P value<0.05) with MP, GMP, YI, HM and DI, This indicates that these indices were more effective in identifying high yielding genotypes under drought stress as well as non-stress conditions.Principal components analysis showed that the first two components in the control-50% analysis, genotype Bts 1237 and Temar were identified as the most stable high yielding genotypes in both environments

Author Contributions
Received 13 Apr 2018; Accepted 16 Jul 2018; Published 20 Jul 2018;

Academic Editor: Abubaker Haroun Mohamed Adam, Department of Crop Science (Agronomy), College of Agriculture, Bahri University- Alkadaru- Khartoum -Sudan

Checked for plagiarism: Yes

Review by: Single-blind

Copyright ©  2018 Salah A. Okasha, et al

License
Creative Commons License     This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Competing interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Citation:

Salah A. Okasha, Mohamed H. Mubarak (2018) Evaluation of Some Sugar Beet Genotypes Under Drought Stress Based on Selection Indices. Journal of Agronomy Research - 1(1):34-48. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-18-2083

Download as RIS, BibTeX, Text (Include abstract )

DOI 10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-18-2083

Introduction

Drought is a common phenomenon in warm and dry environment, and selection for drought tolerance is one way to reduce the effects of water stress on crop yield 1. The decrease in annual precipitation that is predicted for Northern African countries in the 21st century will exacerbate expected rising temperatures effects, particularly in semiarid and arid regions, that must be rely on irrigation for crop growth 2. Drought stress tolerance is a complex trait that is obstructed by low heritability and deficiency of successful selection approaches 3, 4. In many cases, increased irrigation inputs are not available option because of the water resources are less available or that they are too expensive. In a world limited by supplies of freshwater, the trend is towards great restrictions on agricultural water use 5. With increasing world's population, the situation is getting serious and the ambiguity of weather patterns poses a challenge against plant breeders trying to develop adaptable crop varieties.

Sugar beet is an important field crop in the agricultural system in Egypt and is considered an important sugar crop in the temperate region. In Egypt (semi –arid region) sugar beet planted beside sugar cane crop to provide people with sugar needs consumption which increased with increasing population density. The production of sugar beet of white sugar about 1.255 million tons, this equivalent about 50% from the local production 6. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) supplies about a quarter of the world’s white sugar demand 7. The shortage of water in Egypt in recent year is major limit to increase the planted area and increasing productivity at the same time. Moreover, some cultivated area might be suffered from this shortage of water. Sugar beet crop is sensitive to drought, especially in seedling stage 8.

Variation in plant response to drought genetically manipulated enhanced preliminary for improving the appearance of the plant and increased production of stress 9. There is little genotypic information on drought tolerance in sugar beet, and breeders are not equipped to make these selections. 10 measured drought sensitivity of each genotype as reduction in yield under drought stress, whilst the mentioned values are baffled with different yield potential of genotypes 11. However difference in yield potential could cause by factors related to adaptation rather than to drought tolerance by itself 12. Many studies used several drought indices to select stable genotypes according to their performance under favorable and stress conditions 13, 14, 15.

Accordingly, Stress tolerance (TOL) has been defined as the differences in yield between the stress (Ys) and non-stress (Yp) environments and mean productivity (MP) as the average yield of Ys and Yp 16. Geometric mean (GMP) 17, mean productivity (MP) 18, harmonic mean (HM) 19, stress sensitivity index (SSI) 20, yield stability index (YSI) 21, yield index (YI) 22, stress tolerance index (STI) 23, relative drought index (RDI) 24, drought response index (DI) and stress sensitivity percentage index (SSPI) 25. 26 In evaluation of drought resistance indices and their correlation with other traits concluded that there are differences among genotypes for many of these indices. Several selection criteria have been proposed to select genotypes based on their yield in stress and non-stress environment.

The purpose of this study was to i) evaluate several tolerance indices of the studied sugar beet genotypes under drought stress and identify of drought tolerant genotypes based on root yield. ii) Measure the strength of association between these indices and crop performance and interpret interrelationships among these indices by biplot analysis.

Materials and Methods

Nine sugar beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) genotypes i.e. Zobel (G1), Oscarpoly(G2), Diamund (G3), Gazelle (G4), Lp-0701 (G5), Bts 1237(G6), Temar (G7), Maximus (G8) and Helospoly (G9) were obtained from Sugar Crops Research Institute, Agricultural

Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Egypt depends on seeds imported from Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, France, and Sweden. So sugar beet seeds are not produced in Egypt due to its requirements of certain environmental conditions.

A set of nine sugar beet genotypes were grown at the Experimental Farm Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt during 2015/2016 and 2016/ 2017seasons under three levels of drought stress. Irrigation treatments were supplied by drip irrigation to provide the three water regimes. Irrigation were imposed using 100%, 75% and 50% of the amount of daily irrigation, that equivalent to 2019, 1514.25 and 1009.5 m3, respectively. Daily irrigation water requirements were calculated by CROPWAT software version 7.0 27 from agro-meteorological data of the studied area, Eto and Kc. The soil texture is sandy (97.65% sand, 1.51% silt and 0.84% clay) with 7.8 pH.

Split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) arrangement in three replications was used, where drought stress was assigned to main plots, and sugar beet genotypes were distributed in sub-plots. Combined analysis was conducted between the two growing seasons. Each plot consisted of 4 rows, 3 m in length, 0.60 m within rows and 0.25 m intra-row spacing and sowing took place on October 15th in the two seasons.

Drought Tolerance Indices

Twelve of drought tolerance indices for sugar beet were calculated for genotypes based on root yield using the following equations as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. List of drought tolerance indices used for evaluation of sugar beet genotypes to drought conditions
Drought tolerance indices Equation Reference Outcome
1-Stress Sensitivity Index (SSI)   28 The genotypes with SSI<1 are more resistant to drought stress conditions 
2-Tolerance index (TOL)   29  The genotypes with low values of this index are more stable in two different conditions. 
3-Mean Productivity(MP)   30 The genotypes with high value of this index will be more desirable. 
4-Geometric Mean Productivity(GMP)   31 The genotypes with high value of this index will be more desirable. 
5-Stress Tolerance Index (STI)   32 The genotypes with high STI values will be tolerant to drought stress. 
6-Yield Index (YI)   33 The genotypes with high value of this index will be suitable for drought stress condition. 
7-Yield Stability Index (YSI)     34 The genotypes with high YSI values can be regarded as stable genotypes under stress and non-stress conditions. 
8-Harmonic Mean (HM)   35 The genotypes with high HM value will be more desirable. 
9-Sensitivity drought index SDI   36  
10-Drought resistance index (DI)   37  
11-Relative drought index (RDI)   38  
12-Stress susce-ptibility percentage index (SSPI)   39  

• YS and YP are stress and optimal yield of a given genotype, respectively. Y`P and Y`S are average yield of all genotypes under optimal and stress conditions, respectively.

Correlation and Principal Component Analysis

Correlation analysis among drought tolerance indices was performed to determine the best drought-tolerant genotypes and indices. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed based on the observations. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), based on the rank correlation matrix and biplot analysis were performed by SPSS ver. 18, and Excel 2013/XLSTAT Version 2015.4.01.21575 (Copyright Addin soft 1995-2018).

Results and Discussion

Descriptive statistics of drought indices under 100% (favorable), 75% (moderate drought stress) and 50% (severe drought stress) of water stress are presented in (Table 2). Many studies 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,45 indicated that the studied tolerant indices were the most suitable parameters for screening drought-tolerant and high-yielding genotypes. The genotypes which gave high values of STI, MP and GMP can be considered tolerant to drought stress (Table 3).

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of drought indices for the 75% and 50% of water requirement analysis.
Drought Index Moderate stress(75%) Severe stress (50%)
Min. Max. Mean SD Min. Max. Mean SD
Yp‡ 29.06 33.55 31.46 1.52 29.06 33.55 31.46 1.52
Ys‡ 24.39 30.37 27.52 2.17 18.70 26.27 21.20 2.35
SSI‡ 0.37 1.53 1.00 0.42 0.61 1.26 1.00 0.19
TOL‡ 1.44 6.26 3.95 1.66 6.53 13.22 10.26 2.07
MP‡ 24.47 29.53 29.49 1.69 27.07 31.59 26.33 1.68
GMP‡ 26.93 31.56 29.41 1.71 23.78 29.35 25.80 1.80
STI‡ 0.73 1.01 0.88 0.10 0.18 0.61 0.26 0.13
YI‡ 0.89 1.10 1.00 0.08 0.88 1.24 1.00 0.11
YSI‡ 0.81 0.95 0.87 0.05 0.59 0.80 0.67 0.06
HM‡ 26.80 31.54 29.33 1.74 23.11 29.17 25.28 1.93
SDI‡ 0.05 0.19 0.13 0.05 0.20 0.41 0.33 0.06
DI‡ 0.73 1.03 0.88 0.12 0.52 0.99 0.68 0.14
RDI‡ 0.92 1.09 1.00 0.06 0.87 1.19 1.00 0.09
SSPI‡ 2.30 9.94 6.27 2.64 10.38 21.00 16.31 3.28

‡ (Yp) root yield (t/fed) of lines under control; (Ys) root yield (t/fed) of genotypes under drought stress (75% or 50%); (SSI) Stress sensitivity index; (TOL) tolerance; (MP) mean productivity; (GMP) Geometric mean productivity; (STI) Stress tolerance index; (YI) Yield index; (YSI) Yield stability index; (HAM) Harmonic mean; (SDI) Sensitivity drought index; (DI) Drought resistance index; (SSPI) Stress sensitivity percentage index.
Table 3. Tolerance indices of nine sugar beet genotypes grown under 75% (high) and 50% (low) of water requirement
  G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9
Yp 32.03 29.74 33.55 31.15 30.25 31.98 32.80 29.06 32.61
Ys 25.87 24.39 29.61 29.70 26.83 28.99 30.37 25.52 26.35
18.82 20.00 21.50 20.50 18.70 23.20 26.27 20.50 21.30
SSI 1.53 1.43 0.94 0.37 0.90 0.74 0.59 0.97 1.53
1.26 1.00 1.10 1.05 1.17 0.84 0.61 0.90 1.06
TOL 6.16 5.34 3.95 1.44 3.42 2.99 2.43 3.54 6.26
13.22 9.74 12.05 10.65 11.55 8.78 6.53 8.56 11.31
MP 28.95 27.07 31.58 30.42 28.54 30.48 31.59 27.29 29.48
25.42 24.87 27.53 25.82 24.47 27.59 29.53 24.78 26.95
GMP 28.79 26.93 31.52 30.42 28.49 30.44 31.56 27.23 29.31
24.55 24.39 26.86 25.27 23.78 27.24 29.35 24.41 26.35
STI 0.84 0.73 1.00 0.93 0.82 0.94 1.01 0.75 0.87
0.61 0.19 0.23 0.21 0.18 0.24 0.28 0.19 0.23
YI 0.94 0.89 1.08 1.08 0.98 1.05 1.10 0.93 0.96
0.89 0.94 1.01 0.97 0.88 1.09 1.24 0.97 1.00
YSI 0.81 0.82 0.88 0.95 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.88 0.81
0.59 0.67 0.64 0.66 0.62 0.73 0.80 0.71 0.65
HM 28.62 26.80 31.46 30.41 28.44 30.41 31.54 27.17 29.15
23.71 23.92 26.21 24.73 23.11 26.89 29.17 24.04 25.77
SDI 0.19 0.18 0.12 0.05 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.12 0.19
0.41 0.33 0.36 0.34 0.38 0.27 0.20 0.29 0.35
DI 0.76 0.73 0.95 1.03 0.86 0.96 1.02 0.81 0.77
0.52 0.63 0.65 0.64 0.55 0.79 0.99 0.68 0.66
RDI 0.92 0.94 1.01 1.09 1.01 1.04 1.06 1.00 0.92
0.87 1.00 0.95 0.98 0.92 1.08 1.19 1.05 0.97
SSPI 9.79 8.49 6.27 2.30 5.43 4.75 3.86 5.63 9.94
21.00 15.47 19.16 16.92 18.35 13.95 10.38 13.60 17.97

As shown in Table 3, at Moderate drought stressed (75% of water requirement), sugar beet genotypes G4, G7 and G6 exhibited the least TOL and SSI values, whereas the highest values of these indices were recorded by G9 followed by G1 and G2. The highest GMP, MP, STI values were recorded for the genotypes G7, G3, G6 and G4. Highest YSI and YI indices were recorded for sugar beet genotypes G7, G3, G4, G6 and G5.In terms of HM index, the highest values were observed in genotypes G7, G3, G4 and G6, whereas the G4 and G6 had the lowest value. Highest SDI indices were recorded for sugar beet genotypes G1, G9, and G2 whereas the lowest values were recorded in G4 followed by G7 and G6. According to DI index, all genotypes had values less than unity except G4 and G6. Based on relative drought index (RDI) six genotypes G3, G4, G5, G6, G7 and G5 had values more than the unite. Sugar beet genotypes G9, G1 and G2 exhibited the highest SSPI values, whereas the least values were recorded by G4 followed by G7 and G6 genotypes.

At the severe drought stress environment (50% of water requirement) as shown in Table 2, sugar beet genotypes G7, G6 and G8 showed the lowest SSI values and they were less than the unite, whereas G1, G5, G3, and G9 recorded the highest values. The lowest TOL was observed for G7 genotype followed by G8 and G6, but the highest TOL belonged to the G1 followed by G3 and G5 genotypes. Based on STI, G7 followed by G6, G3, and G9 gave the highest values and considered to be more desirable and tolerant genotypes, whereas the G5, G2, G8 and G1 genotypes with the lowest values for these terms were intolerant. These results indicated that the genotypes with high STI values usually have high difference in yield in different conditions. In general, similar ranks for the genotypes were observed by MP and GMP indices as well as STI, which suggested that these three indices were equal for selecting genotypes under water stress.

Highest YI and HM indices were recorded for sugar beet genotypes G7, G6, G3 and G9. In YSI terms of index, the highest values were observed in genotypes G7 followed by G6, whereas genotypes G1, G5 and G2 had the lowest values. Highest SDI values were recorded for sugar beet genotypes G1, G5, and G3, whereas the lowest values were recorded by G7 followed by G6 and G8. According to DI index, all genotypes gave values less than the unite. Based on the relative drought index (RDI) four genotypes G7, G6, G8 and G2 had values more than unity. Sugar beet genotypes G1, G3, and G5 exhibited the highest SSPI values, whereas the least values in this concern were recorded by G7 followed by G8 and G6. Therefore, these indices were able to identify the superior genotypes under drought stress. DSI, YSI, GMP and MP were correlated with yield under stress conditions, suggesting that these constructions are suitable for screening drought tolerant and high yielding treatments under drought stress conditions 46.

Correlation Analysis

To determine the most desirable drought tolerance criteria, the correlation coefficient between YP, YS and other quantitative drought tolerance indices in moderate and severe stressed conditions were calculated (Table 4,Table 5). There was a positive significant correlation between Yp and Ys (r=0. 50) and (r=0.65) in the severe stress (50%) and moderate stress conditions (75%), respectively (Table 4 and Table 5). This indicates that high root yield performance under favorable condition resulted in relatively high root yield under stress conditions.

Table 4. Correlation between drought tolerance indices (n=9) and root yield under severe drought stressed conditions (50%).
  Yp Ys SSI TOL MP GMP STI YI YSI HM SDI DI RDI
Ys 0.50*                        
SSI -0.62 -0.47                      
TOL 0.17 -0.77* 0.08                    
MP 0.80* 0.92* -0.61 -0.46                  
GMP 0.73* 0.95* -0.58 -0.55 1.00*                
STI 0.31* -0.17 -0.05 0.42 0.02 -0.04              
YI 0.50* 1.00* -0.47 -0.77* 0.92* 0.95* -0.17            
YSI 0.07 0.90* -0.21 -0.97* 0.66 0.73* -0.36 0.90*          
HM 0.67* 0.98* -0.55 -0.61 0.98 1.00 -0.08 0.98 0.78        
SDI -0.07 -0.90* 0.21 0.97* -0.66* -0.73* 0.36 -0.90* -1.00* -0.78      
DI 0.32* 0.98* -0.38 -0.88* 0.83* 0.88* -0.23 0.98* 0.97* 0.91* -0.97*    
RDI 0.07 0.90* -0.21 -0.97* 0.66 0.73* -0.36 0.90* 1.00* 0.78* -1.00* 0.97*  
SSPI 0.17 -0.77* 0.08 1.00* -0.46 -0.55 0.42 -0.77* -0.97* -0.61 0.97* -0.88* -0.97*

* ; significant at 0.05 level
Table 5. Correlation between drought tolerance indices (n=9) and root yield under moderate drought stressed conditions (75%)
  Yp Ys SSI TOL MP GMP STI YI YSI HM SDI DI RDI
Ys 0.65*                        
SSI -0.05 -0.79*                      
TOL 0.07 -0.72* 0.99*                    
MP 0.87* 0.94* -0.54 -0.43                  
GMP 0.85* 0.95* -0.56 -0.46 1.00*                
STI 0.85* 0.95* -0.57 -0.47 1.00* 1.00*              
YI 0.65* 1.00* -0.79* -0.72* 0.94* 0.95* 0.95*            
YSI 0.05 0.79* -1.00* -0.99* 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.79*          
HM 0.84* 0.96* -0.59 -0.49 1.00* 1.00* 1.00* 0.96* 0.59        
SDI -0.05 -0.79* 1.00* 0.99* -0.54 -0.56 -0.57 -0.79 -1.00 -0.59      
DI 0.41* 0.96* -0.93* -0.88* 0.81* 0.83* 0.83* 0.96* 0.93* 0.84* -0.93*    
RDI 0.05 0.79* -1.00* -0.99* 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.79* 1.00* 0.59 -1.00* 0.93  
SSPI 0.07 -0.72* 0.99* 1.00* -0.43 -0.46 -0.47 -0.72* -0.99* -0.49 0.99* -0.88 -0.99

* ; significant at 0.05 level

Both Yp and Ys in the control-50% analysis (severe drought stress) have significantly positive correlation (P<0.05) with MP (r=0.80 and 0.92), GMP (r=0.73 and 0.95), YI (r=0. 50 and 1.00), HM (r=0.67 and 0.98) and DI (r=0.32 and 0.98), while the YSI and RDI had significantly positive correlation with Ys (r= 0.90 and 90). This indicates that these indices were more effective to identify high yielding genotypes under drought stress as well as non-stress conditions (Table 4). The correlation between Yp with TOL, YSI, SDI, RDI and SSP was negligible (r = 0.17, r = 0.07, r = -0.07, r = 0.07 and r = 0.17 respectively). On the other hand the correlation between Ys and either SSI, TOL. SDI and SSPI indices were significantly negative values with r = -0.47, r = - 0.77, r = -0.90 and r = -0.77, respectively.

The observed relationship between YP, MP, STI, YS, MP and STI are in consistent with those reported by 47 in sorghum and 48 in wheat crop. 49 Introduced STI, MP and GMP as the best indices for yield predicting. 50 Reported that GMP, MP STI indices were significantly positive correlation with stress on yield. 51 Mentioned that, the validity of selection index for screening genotypes for stress conditions depends on its good correlation with yield under normal and stressed wheat. Similarly, three indices (STI, GMP and MP) had the highest positive correlation coefficient with yields under normal and drought stress conditions and introduced as selection indices for post water stress tolerance in sorghum and wheat 52, 53 .

Principal Component Analysis( PCA)

The PCA showed that the first two components (PC1 and PC2) explained about % 77.206 and 99.980 of the total variance in moderate stress (75%) and 70.871and 91.304 for severe stress (50%) analyses (Table 6 and Table 7). Therefore, the bi-plot was drawn based on the first two components (Figure 1 and Figure 2).

Table 6. Principal component analysis for drought tolerance indices for the moderate stress (75%) analysis
PC % of Variance Cumulative percentage Eigen Values Yp Ys SSI TOL MP GMP STI YI YSI HM SDI DI RDI SSPI
PC1 77.206 77.206 10.809 0.145 0.298 -0.274 -0.256 0.258 0.263 0.264 0.298 0.274 0.268 -0.274 0.303 0.274 -0.256
PC2 22.774 99.980 3.188 0.492 0.113 0.243 0.301 0.295 0.280 0.278 0.113 -0.243 0.266 0.243 -0.042 -0.243 0.301

Table 7. Principal component analysis for drought tolerance indices for the control- 50% analysis
PC % of Variance Cumulative percentage Eigen Values Yp Ys SSI TOL MP GMP STI YI YSI HM SDI DI RDI SSPI
PC1 70.871 70.871 9.922 0.121 0.315 -0.137 -0.269 0.273 0.288 -0.080 0.315 0.301 0.298 -0.301 0.316 0.301 -0.269
PC2 20.433 91.304 2.861 -0.533 -0.075 0.356 -0.306 -0.292 -0.241 -0.326 -0.075 0.185 -0.195 -0.185 0.034 0.185 -0.306

Figure 1.Biplot of the first two principal component axes for nine sugar beet genotypes for the severe stress conditions (control-50% analysis)
Biplot of the first two principal component axes for nine sugar beet genotypes for the severe stress conditions (control-50% analysis)

Figure 2.Biplot of the first two principal component axes for nine sugar beet genotypes for the Moderate stress conditions (control-75% analysis)
Biplot of the first two principal component axes for nine sugar beet genotypes for the Moderate stress conditions (control-75% analysis)

For the moderate stress (75%) analysis (Table 6), the PC1 explained 77.206% of the obtained variation with a positive correlation with all indices except SSI, TOL, SDI and SSPI. This component had a highly positive correlation (0.979) with the yield under the stress environment and mild correlation (0.478) with the yield under the non-stress environment. However, the PC2, which explained only 22.774% of the total variation had a positive correlation with all indices except YSI (-0.243), DI (-0.042) and RDI (-0.243) (Table 6), and this component was highly positive correlated (0.979) with Ys and positively correlated (0.478) with Yp.

In the severe stress conditions (50%) analysis (Table 7), the first PC1 explained 70.871% of the obtained variation , and had positive correlation with Yp (0.121), Ys (0.315), MP (0.273), GMP (0.288), YI (0.315), YSI (0.301), HM (0.298), DI (0.316) and RDI (0.301) indices. Thus, the first dimension can be named as the yield potential and drought tolerance. This component separates drought tolerant genotypes with high yield in both environments. The PC2 explained 20.433% of the total obtained variation, and showed high coordination with SSI (0.356), YSI (0.185), DI (0.034) and RDI (0.185) (Table 7). This component had negative correlation (-0.127) with yield under stress conditions (YS) thus it can be named drought sensitive dimension with high yield under non-stressed and low yield under stressed environment (Table 8). The relationships among the indices were graphically presented in biplots of the PC1 and PC2 (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Genotypes that possessed high PC1 and low PC2 values are more stable under both drought stress and favorable conditions (Golabadi et al. 2006) 54. Based on the first two components in the control-50% analysis, genotypes 6 and 7 were identified as the most stable high yielding genotypes in both environments. On the other hand, the genotypes 5, 8 and 2 were classified as drought-sensitive genotypes (Figure 1). In the control-75% analysis, the Genotypes 4 and 6 were more stable than the other genotypes; however, genotypes 1 and 9 were most sensitive (Figure 2).

Table 8. Correlations between variables and factors
Drought Index  Control-75% Control-50%
PC1 PC2 PC1 PC2
Yp 0.478 0.878 0.380 -0.902
Ys 0.979 0.201 0.991 -0.127
SSI -0.901 0.434 -0.432 0.602
TOL -0.843 0.537 -0.848 -0.517
MP 0.850 0.527 0.861 -0.494
GMP 0.866 0.500 0.907 -0.407
STI 0.868 0.496 -0.251 -0.551
YI 0.979 0.201 0.991 -0.127
YSI 0.901 -0.434 0.947 0.312
HAM 0.880 0.474 0.939 -0.330
SDI -0.901 0.434 -0.947 -0.312
DI 0.997 -0.075 0.995 0.058
RDI 0.901 -0.434 0.947 0.312
SSPI -0.843 0.537 -0.848 -0.517

Stable genotypes under both favorable and drought conditions are vital for plant breeding programs in areas prone to drought stress. However, the level and time of drought stress events are not predictable; for this reason, it is better to evaluate sugar beet genotypes under various levels of drought stresses. Therefore, a genotype that shows low fluctuations of yield under various levels of drought stress conditions can be considered drought tolerant. Further, drought indices could be good indicators of genotypes stability.

In the present study, we found highly significant correlation between some indices, indicating that some of them measure similar aspects of drought tolerance. Farshadfar et al. (2012) 55 and Dehghani et al. (2009) 56 obtained similar results in multivariate analysis of drought tolerance in different crops. Yan et al., 200057, suggested using biplot, three-dimensional plots and cluster analysis as the most appropriate techniques for analysis the multi-location trials data, for identifying drought tolerant genotypes and for elucidating the relationships of drought tolerance attributes with yield in non-stress and stress conditions.

Conclusion

Selection of drought-tolerant genotypes should be well adapted to stress and non-stress conditions. Based on biplot analysis, the indices MP, GMP, YI, HM and DI exhibited strong correlation with YS and YP. Therefore, they can discriminate drought tolerant genotypes with high root yield at the same manner under stress and non-stress conditions. It can be recommended that genotypes 6 and 7 are promising to be cultivated under drought stress or drought prone areas in Egypt. Moderate drought stress environments were more favorable for screening drought-tolerant genotypes rather than severe drought stress environments. Therefore, plant breeders should pay attention to the severity of drought stress when selecting drought-tolerant sugar beet.

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