Introduction Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a sight-threatening condition caused by fluid accumulation in the macula due to blood-retinal barrier disruption. Various factors, including drug reactions, can lead to retinal fluid leakage. Leflunomide, a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug, marked significant progress in managing rheumatoid arthritis. Although effective, Leflunomide has rarely been linked to CME. This report presents a unique case of Leflunomide-induced CME, adding to the limited literature on this subject. Methods We report the case of a 75-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis treated with Leflunomide, presenting with bilateral CME and reduced visual acuity (VA). Comprehensive ophthalmic evaluations, including VA tests, fundus examination, and optical coherence tomography, were conducted. Results The patient presented with CME and decreased VA in both eyes for several months. She had undergone cataract surgery 20 years prior and was using topical nepafenac, dorzolamide, and dexamethasone. Initial VA was OD 20/50 and OS 20/40. VA improved with treatment, but CME recurred upon discontinuation. The patient had been on Leflunomide for one year. After consulting with the Rheumatology department and considering a previous case of bilateral Leflunomide-induced CME, the drug was discontinued. CME resolved without recurrence or the need for topical treatment. At her final visit, VA was OU 20/25. Conclusion This case highlights Leflunomide as a potential, though rare, cause of CME. It emphasizes considering systemic medications in CME diagnosis. Timely discontinuation of Leflunomide may resolve CME and prevent further visual impairment. Further studies are needed to understand this rare side effect comprehensively. Show less

Studies show that individuals with limited health literacy skills experience worse health outcomes in a multitude of chronic diseases including glaucoma. These patients have poorer compliance, worse disease understanding and greater disease progression. The main purpose of our study was to evaluate the knowledge about glaucoma basic concepts in patients with this disease. A 24 question survey was given to patients followed by the glaucoma department, by phone or in person. Epidemiological data and personal therapeutic regimens were collected as well as data concerning the pathophysiology, treatment and prognosis of the disease. Survey responses were obtained from 79 patients with a mean age of 72 years old. Most of the patients had a low education level. The majority of patients could not enumerate glaucoma risk factors (74.5%), their glaucoma type (94.9%) or the best glaucoma definition (57%). However, they were able to relate the disease to a high IOP (75.9%) and the possibility of it leading to blindness (96.2%). We believe that patients, when observed in their glaucoma appointments, tend to retain information related to the prognosis and consequences of the disease and not focus on the understanding of its pathophysiology, causes and mechanisms, which may reflect their concern about their own future. However, this may lead to some misconceptions about the definition of glaucoma and specially about what can cause this disease. Some investment should be done to improve health literacy in the glaucoma population, with appropriate language and handed material. Show less

Purpose Create a new diagnostic and therapeutic framework for patients with Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) and choroid imaging biomarkers of non-neovascular choroidal pathology who have persistent neovascular exudation during the course of monotherapeutic interventions. Methods Retrospective, longitudinal case series study of 25 eyes from 23 patients with the referral diagnoses of treatment resistant Exudative ARMD who had persistent neovascular exudation despite various monotherapies. Inclusion criteria required choroidal imaging biomarkers of non-neovascular pathology including a thickened subfoveal choroid (greater than 300 microns) and vessels (subjectively dilated choroidal vessels in Haller’s layer) on Optical Coherent Tomography (OCT), choroidal neovascularization on IVFA and OCT Angiography (OCTA), as well choroidal leakage noted on indocynanine green videoangiography (ICG). Treatment consisted of OCTA and ICG - Directed Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Triple Therapy, hereafter described as Combination Therapy, to areas of choroidal hyperpermeability and choroidal neovascularization. Combination therapy consisted of an anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) intravitreal injection on Day 0 followed by half-fluence PDT and 2 mg intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide on Day 3-14. Results All study patients had treatment resistant Exudative ARMD defined as persistent subretinal and/or intraretinal fluid during their course of monotherapeutic interventions. Complete resolution of all exudation occurred in 23 eyes (92.0%) at 8 weeks. The mean duration of action was 155.6 weeks, with 72.0% of eyes leak free greater than 100 weeks. The mean vision at baseline was 0.46 ± 0.42 LogMAR, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). 8 weeks after treatment, the vision was 0.35 ± 0.38 LogMar, an improvement of over one line, and this was maintained at one year. The baseline central subfield thickness (CST) was 296.4 ± 136.1 microns and improved by 111.4 ± 105.4 microns at 8 weeks after treatment. Treatment duration was negatively associated with the Caucasian race. Conclusions Patients with subretinal and/or intraretinal fluid secondary to Exudative ARMD should have a complete baseline multimodality imaging study to confirm the presence of neovascularization and whether choroidal hyperpermeability coexists. This study shows that patients with Exudative ARMD and persistent neovascular exudation despite monotherapuetic interventions often have choroidal biomarkers of non-neovascular choroidal pathology and that ICG and OCTA-directed PDT Triple Therapy resulted in complete resolution of all exudation in 92.0% of patients at 8 weeks with a reduction in central subfield thickness (CST) of 111.4 microns. The vision improvement at 8 weeks was 0.11 ± 0.38 LogMar and was sustained over 1 year. The mean duration of action was 155.6 weeks, with 72.0% of eyes leak free greater than 100 weeks. Additionally, this study shows that the treatment that addresses both pathological processes is successful and should be considered as a primary protocol when the biomarkers are present at baseline or as a secondary protocol if indeed the neovascular leakage is persistent despite monotherapy. Summary Patients with an Exudative ARMD with persistent neovascular exudation despite anti-VEGF monotherapy and who have imaging biomarkers of non-neovascular choroidal pathology often have two pathophysiological processes: choroidal hyperpermeability and angiogenesis. A proposed framework provides the rationale for OCTA and ICG-directed PDT Triple Therapy which successfully resolves 92% of the leakage that was persistent after various monotherapeutics. Show less

Purpose The conventional irradiation technique in corneal crosslinking for keratoconus is characterized by a free irradiation path and parallel light rays directed to the corneal surface. This can cause treatment failures resulting from the steep and irregular corneal curvature as well as from eye and head movement. Here we present a a new and improved irradiation technology for corneal crosslinking (CXL) in keratoconus to avoid such treatment failures. Materials and Methods The presented technology is characterized by a closed irradiation channel which is lined inside with a diffusely reflecting layer and which is mounted to the eye via a suction ring. The effective intensity transferred to a curved photodetector representing the curved cornea of some 7 mm radius was measured for both, the conventional and the new technology. The results were compared with related calculations. Results The UV-A irradiation transferred to a curved cornea of some 7 mm central radius varies across the irradiated area by a factor of 2 for the conventional technology. At a distance of already 2 mm from the vertex the transferred UV-A intensity falls below 2/3 of the central intensity which might affect the effectivity of the treatment. The new technology can keep the intensity transferred to the cornea at a constant level across the entire irradiated area. Conclusion The new irradiation technology can considerably improve the energy transfer to the cornea since the effective intensity at the cornea becomes independent from the corneal shape, the eye movement and the head movement, respectively. This may probably reduce the failure rate of corneal crosslinking in the future. Show less