Data were collected from 402 patients (Table 1), 191 (47.5%) females and 211 (52.5%) males. Mean age was 76.9 years (range 65-96); 37.6% were between 65-74 year old, and 62.9% were 75 year old and over. In the assessed population, mean age was 77.06 years for women and 76.82 years for men.

A median of 3 comorbidities (range 0-10) and a median consumption of 4 drugs per patient (range 0-20) were obtained, finding polypharmacy, defined as the use of 5 or more drugs, in 47.3% of the total sample (190 patients).

The most frequent diagnoses were digestive (mainly gastric, colon and rectum) and prostate cancers, 29.5% and 15.8% respectively. All this results are shown in Table 1.

When analyzing the characteristics of the patients studied, ir is worth noting the high proportion (62.9%) of people over 75, which makes ours a particularly relevant sample given the low representation of these patients in previously published studies 11, with a homogeneous distribution by sex.

Regarding the use of drugs, 47.3% of our series used 5 or more drugs at the time of evaluation. When comparing these data with the older non-oncological population in our country, where the presence of polypharmacy is described in 36.9% of them 12, we find a higher-than-average use of drugs in our patients even before starting chemotherapy. This is consistent with international literature where cancer patients take an average of 4 drugs per day 13 and even those undergoing chemotherapy concomitantly use 3 or more drugs in 77.6% of cases 14.

In relation to functionality, international series show that over 60% of people with cancer aged between 65 and 74 have some degree of disability, which increases to 65% and 76% in patients aged 75-79 and those over 79 respectively 15. This is discordant with the data obtained in our series.

The good functionality observed in the study is higher than described nationally with reported disability in almost a quarter of the elderly population 16. This could be explained by the preselection of patients referred for geriatric evaluation by their oncologists. It can be assumed that patients with decreased functionalities are not referred for geriatric evaluation or are directly referred to palliative care. In addition, it is also possible that the patient and his/her family report a higher functionality than the real one during the clinical interview, in order to be considered a better candidate for any cancer therapies.

With regard to screening for cognitive impairment, international studies have estimated a prevalence of dementia in cancer patients aged 65 or over between 3.8% and 7%, a figure that is probably underestimated given the lack of routine active screening for cognitive impairment. In our series, we observed possible memory-like cognitive impairment in 14.4% of patients, with patients over 75 years of age at higher risk (17.2% vs 9.6% respectively).

Concerning the emotional sphere, the international prevalence of depressive disorder in older people with cancer ranges from 1.8 to 10%, up to 28%, which is much higher than the 1-5% rates described for elderly people without cancer diagnosis. 17. In elderly people without cancer diagnosis, the national incidence of depression over the last 12 months was 6.2% for the age group 65-74 and 3.2% for those over 75 18, while screening for depression in cancer patients showed a positive result in 14.9% of patients, being significantly higher, which is consistent with the international data presented.

International studies on older cancer patients with solid or hematological tumors have estimated a prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty of 42 and 43%, respectively 19. In our series, we found a 15.8% prevalence of frailty, 21.9% in women and 10.2% in men. Our data are lower than those reported internationally. As indicated for functionality, this could be related to a selection bias in the patients evaluated. Despite the above, frailty in our study turned out to be a strong predictor of dependency in this group of patients. Moreover, 10.8% of independent patients presented some degree of frailty, which stresses the importance of performing a geriatric evaluation in all cancer patients over 65 years of age.

Another geriatric syndrome is falls in cancer patients. It has been described to occur in 30-50% of elderly people diagnosed with malignancies and a history of current or previous cancer is reported to increase the risk of falls by 15-20% 20. These figures are slightly higher than the 21.9% described in our cancer-patient sample. Falls in these patients occur more frequently due to multiple factors such as peripheral neuropathy and vestibular ototoxicity associated with some chemotherapies, presence of sedation due to the use of analgesics and antiemetics, as well as fatigue and pain associated with cancer diagnosis, among others. The number described in our series may be lower because we retrospectively asked whether there were any falls over the last six months prior to consultation; a higher rate is expected in the follow-up of these patients after the start of their treatments. The national report of falls in the elderly not diagnosed with cancer over the last six months varies between 23.5% and 11.6% 21, which is similar to our rates.

Sensory alterations are common in older people with cancer and an uncorrected deficit is described in more than a third of them. International studies report isolated hearing loss, isolated visual impairment, and combined impairment in 18%, 11% and 7% of cases respectively, figures much lower than the 91.8% reported in our sample. This can be explained by the question in the interview, asking only about the presence of sensory deficits, without regardless of corrections, such as the correct use of glasses or hearing aids. Our rates correlate with what described in the general population, where 82.1% of people over 65 wear glasses, 27.5% self-report cataracts and 7.4% glaucoma, and in turn 17.9% use hearing aids and 45.1% report hearing problems18. This is of great clinical importance, since sensory impairment has been shown to be associated with functional dependency (OR 2.8), anxiety (OR 2.3), depression (OR 2.6) and cognitive impairment (OR 3.3 ) in cancer patients. 22.

Ten to twenty per cent of deaths in cancer patients are attributed to malnutrition. In the cancer population over 70, weight loss occurred in 73.6% and malnutrition in 44.9% of patients who were mostly diagnosed over a year ago 23. Malnutrition is defined as ≥5% weight loss within one month or 10% within 6 months, and/or BMI ≤18.5 in patients younger than 70 or ≤21 in patients older than 70. In our series, with the isolated parameter of underweight BMI, patients were diagnosed with malnutrition in 16.4% of cases, increasing to 18.9% in the subgroup of those over 75 years of age. These percentages are obtained prior to the start of therapy, so an increase in the parameter is expected during follow-up. Poor appetite and anorexia are often associated with malnutrition. In our study, anorexia was the main reason for lower food intake reported by elderly patients, which was significantly higher than in younger patients (70.6% vs. 56.1%, p = 0.00002).

Other factors might also negatively impact the nutritional status in the elderly. The general decrease in taste and smell due to ageing may result in reduced appetite. Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery (in particular oropharyngeal cancer surgeries) can also affect taste and smell, and can cause dysgeusia as well.

Even so, this is much higher than rates described in the elderly population without cancer, where only 1.5% of people over 65 in Chile are categorized as emaciated 21. This is significant in the management of older patients with cancer, since malnutrition is a predictor of mortality and morbidity 24, as well as a marker of worse toxicity from cancer therapies 25.

Nationally, the results obtained can be compared with those described in the non-cancer population in our country. It is remarkable that while female sex and older age remain as risk factors for frailty, in cancer patients there is no correlation with higher weight as described in literature; on the contrary, it is the slim patient with cancer who presents the most chances of being fragile 26.

Other geriatric syndromes do not present greater differences between the cancer and non-cancer populations, as is the case of sphincter disorder, such as urinary incontinence, which is described in 27% of all outpatients, very close to the 24% rate found in the sample with cancer.