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Apr 2023 DOI 10.14302/issn.2471-2140.jaa-22-4251
Kumari SachinCorresponding author
The study's goal was to determine the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of A. mexicana aerial parts. Extracts were prepared using different solvents namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and water on basis of increasing polarity using soxhlet appratus. Aqueous extract from the flower contained the highest level of total phenolics, followed by that of the stem and leaves. The flower methanol extract was found to contain the most total flavonoids. With IC50 values of 24.98 g/ml in acetone extract, the stem component demonstrated the most DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity, followed by leaves with IC50 values of 36.29 g/ml in hexane extract and flowers with IC50 values of 38.33 g/ml in acetone extract. FTIR analysis showed that the presence of phenols and flavanoids. In different solvents, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of aerial portions of A. mexicana varied greatly, and it increased with increasing concentration levels. In terms of antioxidant potency, higher amounts of total phenolics in aqueous extract, total flavonoids in methanol extract, and acetone extract were shown to be the most potent antioxidant. The aerial parts of A. mexicana have a considerable amount of flavanoids, phenolics, and antioxidant activity.
Mar 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-20-3215
O. Atinuke AnjorinCorresponding author
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
Since oxidative stress impairs the cardiovascular function, the hypothesis from the present study is that the treatment of paraquat-exposed adult Wistar rats with methanolic extract of Abelmoschus esculentusseed would reduce paraquat-induced cardiovascular damage. Thirty healthy female Wistar rats weighing 120-150 g were randomly assigned into 6 groups of 5 rats each (Groups A, B, C, D, E and F). Rats in groups A served as control and received normal saline while groups B, C, D, E and F received a single dose of paraquat (7mgkg-1i.p.). Rats in group B was sacrificed 24hours following paraquat administration while daily administration of 100 mg kg-1and 200 mg kg-1 of methanolic extract of Abelmoschus esculentusseed extract were given orally to groups C and D while group E received daily oral dose of Vitamin E at 100mgkg-1 and group F was left untreated. Histological and biochemical preparations of the heart was made and data were expressed as mean± SEM. Significant difference was set at p<0.05. Results showed no significance difference (p<0.05) in nitric oxide activity, Glutathione reductase activity, and troponin I activity across the paraquat-exposed groups when compared with control. Histological studies reveal distortion of normal cardiac histo-architecture in paraquat-exposed group B compared with control rats while Abelmoschus esculentus reversed these changes in other treated groups. The study concluded that paraquat caused significant distortion of the cardiac histo-architecture and methanolic extract of immature Abelmoschus esculentus seed had antioxidant and ameliorative effects similar to Vitamin E on paraquat-induced myocardial injury.
Feb 2016 DOI 10.14302/issn.2471-2140.jaa-15-887
Alabdul Magid AbdulmagidCorresponding author
ICMR-UMR CNRS 7312, Groupe Isolement et Structure, Campus Sciences, Bât. 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
A bioassay-guided fractionation of petroleum ether, EtOAc and n-BuOH soluble parts of the 80% hydromethanol extract was performed to investigate the antioxidant activity of Secamoneafzeliiaerial parts using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The results revealed that EtOAc and n-BuOH soluble parts have moderate to good DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50 = 139.3 and 30.5 μg/mL, respectively). Therefore, from the most active fractions of EtOAc and n-BuOH soluble parts were isolated two new flavonoid diglycosides quercetin-3-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside and genkwanin-8-C-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside in addition to nine known compounds (2-10). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data including 1D- and 2D-NMR and ESI-MS. The ability of the isolated compounds to scavenge the DPPH was evaluated. The new compound 1, quercitrin (3) and rutin (6) have antioxidant potential with EC50 values ranging from 8.4 to 13.6 µg/mL, compared to the standard ascorbic acid (EC50 7.4 µg/mL).
Dec 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2471-2140.jaa-21-4027
Singh SushilaCorresponding author
Department of Chemistry, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India.
Medicinal plants have been used since the era of Vedic history for their health care system where herbal medicine has a long history of use. It is also a very popular medicinal plant belonging to the Leguminosae family and is commonly known as Mulhatti. It contains phytochemicals such as flavonoids, triterpene saponins and other constituents such as coumarins, sugars, amino acids, tannins, starch, choline, phytosterols etc. The present study was conducted for the estimation of phytochemicals (total phenols and flavonoids) and the evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity and DPPH free-radical scavenging activity in aqueous extracts of different pH (2, 4, 7 and 9) from aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. The content of phenolic compounds was maximal at pH 7 (14.13 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids at pH 9 (4.90 mg CE/g) and the total antioxidant capacity was maximal at pH 9 (13.43 mg AAE/g) and free radical scavenging DPPH activity was highest at pH 7 (IC50 value = 60.48 µg/ml). Thus, the aerial part is a good source of phytochemicals and also acts as a good antioxidant.
Nov 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2471-2140.jaa-21-3996
Singh SushilaCorresponding author
Department of Chemistry, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India.
Plants are an important source of medicines since ancient times. The traditional system medicine’s use a variety of native plants to diagnose, prevent, and eliminate acute and chronic diseases.Asparagus racemosus(Willd.), also have been widely used for medicinal purpose and its extensively distributed in the tropics and subtropics of India, commonly known as Satawar, belongs to the family Asparagus. The purpose of this was to identify the phytochemicals and to assess the antioxidant potential in aqueous extracts prepared at different pH levels of Satawar tubers. The maximum amount of phenolics and flavonoids content was present at pH 9 i.e.18.88mg GAE/g and 2.83mg CE/g. The total antioxidant capacity was highest at pH 2 (15.96mg AAE/g) and IC50 values of DPPH free radical scavenging activity was the lowest at pH 7, 2582.85µg/mL. According to the whole study, this plant is a very good source of phytochemicals and acts as a powerful antioxidant.
Oct 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2471-2140.jaa-21-3960
Singh SushilaCorresponding author
Department of Chemistry, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India.
When lipids are exposed to heat, light and oxygen, it leads to oxidation. The addition of antioxidants is required to preserve colour, flavour and vitamin destruction. Present study was, therefore, planned to investigate pod coat of pigeon pea as possible sources of natural antioxidants and to assess their efficacy in stabilization of crude soybean oil during normal storage (28 days at 50°C). Study revealed that acetone pod coat extract of pigeon pea showed richness in total phenolics (17.72 mg/g), flavonoids (9.00 mg/g) and tannins (2.21 mg/g) while the extract of ethyl acetate was found enriched in tocopherols content (9.56 mg/g). The IC50 value of acetone extract was found to be lowest, exhibited potent antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric thiocyanate (FTC) methods. After adding synthetic and natural antioxidants in oil, Peroxide, p-Anisidine, Thiobarbituric acid value, Conjugated dienes, trienes and free fatty acids content were measured every 4 days. Acetone pod coat extract (2000ppm) of pigeon pea gave strong antioxidant efficacy in stabilization of crude soybean oil and hence could be recommended as natural antioxidants for food applications.The research explored the possibility of using pod coat of pigeon pea as imminent sources of green antioxidants and to evaluate their efficacy in stabilization of crude soybean oil.
Jun 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-21-3874
J. Johnson JeremyCorresponding author
University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice
Natural food preservatives in the form of herb extracts and spices are increasing in popularity due to their potential to replace synthetic compounds traditionally used as food preservatives. Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) is an herb that has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent, and currently is being studied for anti-cancer and hepatoprotective properties. Rosemary also has been reported to be an effective food preservative due to its high anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activities. These properties allow rosemary prevent microbial growth while decreasing food spoilage through oxidation. Rosemary contains several classes of compounds, including diterpenes, polyphenols, and flavonoids, which can differ between extracts depending on the extraction method. In particular, the diterpenes carnosol and carnosic acid are two of the most abundant phytochemicals found in rosemary, and these compounds contribute up to 90% of the anti-oxidant potential of the herb. Additionally, several in vivo studies have shown that rosemary administration has a positive impact on gastrointestinal (GI) health through decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in the GI tract. The objective of this review is to highlight the food preservative potential of rosemary and detail several studies that investigate rosemary to improve in vivo GI health.
Jan 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-19-3144
Q. Almulaiky YaaserCorresponding author
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, University of Jeddah, Khulais, P.O. Box 355, Khulais, 21921, Saudi Arabia
In this study, the antioxidants and photosynthetic compounds of Verdolaga were examined. Compounds were extracted from distinctive segments of the verdolaga using various solvents such as methanol (40, 60, 80%), ethanol (40, 60, 80%), acetone (40, 60, 80%), and deionized water. The use of 80% methanol led to the highest extracted concentration of phenolic substances and flavonoids. The extracted products (Leaves, Stem strips, and Root strips) were evaluated for their radical scavenging capabilities with DPPH (IC50= 22.26, 20.56, and 32.10), and ABTS (IC50= 2.86, 3.70, and 5.24), reducing power (EC50= 15.70, 16.39, and 21.69), and peroxide scavenging activity (1C50= 1.717, 2.937, and 3.255), respectively. The extracted products were analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase assays were completed for the crude extract of verdolaga’s leave, stem strips, and root strips. As indicated by these tests, extracts of the verdolaga’s roots, stems and leaves using 80% methanol yielded high antioxidant activity. The most elevated concentrations of extracted chlorophyll, lycopene, and carotenoids were from the leaves and the highest concentration of extracted tannin was noted from strips of stems. The highest measures of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were identified in root strips and the highest units of catalase was identified in leaves.
May 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2324-7339.jcrhap-19-2847
Sharma BechanCorresponding author
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, UP, India.
Background Carissa carandas L. is a well-known wild fruit plant distributed through-out the India and also present in other countries. The fruits are rich in nutrients and minerals. A number of medicinally important phytochemicals such as carrisone, carindone, carandinol, lupeol, scopoletin, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, myo-inositol, β-amyrin, Des-n-methylnoracronycine etc. have been reported from the extract of this plant. Being safe and cost effective molecules, the activity of phytochemicals against HIV-1 enzymes needs to be screened. Objective The aim of this study was to screen the potent phytocompound of C. carandas against human immunodeficiency virus-1 using docking method. Methods Total nine compounds viz. carandinol, caridone, carrisone, lupeol, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, rutin, scopoletin and ursolic acid were used for in-silico study towards drug development against human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1RT; PDB ID: 1REV) and human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease (PDB ID:1EBY) using Autodock software. Results The qualitative characterization of the extracts showed the presence of a number of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, terepnoids, terpenes, steroids, glycosides etc. Carandinol was observed as most effective anti-HIV-1 molecule having lowest binding energy and small inhibition coefficient. Another compound, p-coumaric acid, showed least effectiveness against human immunodeficiency virus- 1 reverse transcriptase or human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease showing highest binding energy and inhibition coefficients among all the evaluated phytocompounds. Conclusion The in-silico study demonstrated that some phytoconstituents of C. carandas exhibit potential anti-human immunodeficiency virus -1 activity and hence can be optimized to develop as a drug candidate in future.
May 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2576-6694.jbbs-19-2791
A. M. LawalCorresponding author
Plants used for medicinal practices which were discovered since prehistoric stone ages are termed Medicinal plants, which are also referred to as medicinal herbs, since plants produces bioactive chemical compounds (phytochemicals), this research however, is concerned with the extraction using Soxhlet extraction technique, phytochemical screening using various test methods, which reveals the presence of anthraquinones (free anthraquinones and combined anthraquinones), carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids/ terpenes, phenolic compounds and tannins, and absence of alkaloids for extracts of senna occidentalis and also, thin layer chromatography profiling which gives probable foundation for further structural elucidation amongst others. This research shows the presence of potent secondary metabolites present in the leaves of senna occidentalis (leaves).
Jul 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2638-4469.japb-18-2166
Chandra Gupta PrakashCorresponding author
University Institute of Pharmacy, Chhatrapati shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur-208024, Uttar Pradesh India
Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel synonym Diospyros peregrina Gurke (Family: Ebenaceae) is a medium sized evergreen tree commonly known as Kendu in Assamese. The plant has ethnomedicinal significance and used by various ethnic communities of North-East India to treat various disorders like dysentery, diabetes, diarrhea malaria, ulcer and wounds. However, detailed scientific information is not available to identify the plant material, in order to ascertain its quality and purity. Therefore, the present work was carried out to perform morpho-anatomical and physicochemical analysis of D. malabarica stem bark. The bark is externally dark brown to black in color and rough having characteristics odor and astringent taste. The microscopy of bark reveals the presence of polygonal thick walled cork, 3-4 layered phellogen, 7-8 layered phelloderm, stone cells, phloem fibers and medullary rays. Stem bark powder showed thick walled cork cells, thick walled elongated phloem fibers, lignified stone cells and rhomboidal crystals of calcium oxalate. Further, physicochemical analysis of the bark power showed loss on drying, total ash, water soluble ash, and acid insoluble ash as 6.2, 5.6, 1.1, 2.45, and 5.7% w/w respectively. The alcohol and water soluble extractives values of the stem bark were 10.6 and 16.8% w/w respectively. The result of preliminary phytochemical screening indicates presence of triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and sterols. The findings of this study will facilitate pharmacognostic standardization of the plant material and aid in the preparation of an herbal monograph for the species.
Jul 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2471-2140.jaa-17-1630
Aholia Jean- Baptiste AdépoCorresponding author
Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Hygiène Agro-industrielle, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, BP V 34, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
Introduction: Aflatoxins are cytotoxic andserve as one of the key risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, plants and extract are widely used as potential scavenging substances for the detoxification of mycotoxins. Thus, this study aims to investigate the activity of the crude ethanolic leaves extract from Alchorneacordifolia in aflatoxicosis prevention. Material and Methods: The phytochemical screening was performed through qualitative analysis based on coloring and/or precipitation reactions. Groups of rats were treated daily with a mixture dose of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at 150 µg/kg and the crude extract of Alchorneacordifolia at doses of 50, 100, and 300 mg/kg for 21 days. The body weight, biochemical, and histological assessments were determined. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, sterols and terpenoids, quinoid compounds, tannins catechic and alkaloids. AFB1 treatmentcaused a significant increase of transaminases, urea, and creatinine abundances but reduced the rates of albumin and total proteins. Alchorneacordifolia administration alleviated biochemical parameters and body weight gain compared with the AFB1 group (p<0.05). The histological lesions of organs (liver and kidney) caused by AFB1 were significantly improved after administration of the extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg. Conclusion: This plant plays a beneficial role in AFB1-induced injury and may be used in the treatment of aflatoxicosis.