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May 2022 DOI 10.14302/issn.2766-8681.jcsr-22-4162
Alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference (P(Aa)O2) can reflect pulmonary ability to exchange oxygen; it shows good correlation with the oxygenation index (OI), which is important in diagnosing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This study explored the ability of P(Aa)O2 in diagnosing ARDS in pneumonia patients. Methods We selected patients with community-acquired pneumonia and sepsis in the intensive care unit (ICU) of the People’s Hospital of Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture; we measured P(Aa)O2 and the OI under anoxic conditions upon their admittance to the ICU. We divided the patients into ARDS and non-ARDS groups. We compared the differences in P(Aa)O2 and OI; we analyzed the correlation between P(Aa)O2 and ARDS. To assess the diagnostic ability of P(Aa)O2 for ARDS, we drew the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Result We found that P(Aa)O2 in the ARDS group was greater than in the non-ARDS group (t = 8.875, P <0.001); the OI in the ARDS group was smaller than in the non-ARDS group (t = –6.956, P <0.001). There was a positive correlation between P(Aa)O2 and ARDS (r = 0.718, P <0.001). The area under the ROC curve for P(Aa)O2 in the diagnosis of ARDS was 0.931 (0.873–0.988); the cutoff value was 214.70 mmHg, the sensitivity was 89.50%, and the specificity was 85.00%. Conclusion We conclude that P(Aa)O2 is a good reference index in diagnosing ARDS.
Jan 2022 DOI 10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-4051
Background As COVID-19 immunomodulation has been a part of interest for studies, it has been found that severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with hyper-inflammatory response and increased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). This can progress to cytokine storm syndrome and eventually development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is a protein that is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family. Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) is a protein secreted by several cell types in response to Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ). All of these have roles in the immune response and eventually development of a cytokine storm. Methods Serum levels of IL-1RA, MCP-1 and IP-10 were measured in a cohort of 21 patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on admission to a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, as well as in an approximately age-sex matched group of 4 uninfected controls. The study population was classified into severe, moderate, mild and controls. Results Serum levels of IL-1RA, MCP-1 and IP-10 were found to be elevated before the clinical deterioration. Conclusion These cytokines may play a role in early detection of disease severity especially in the pre-storm phase. Medications that target cytokines may prevent the development of an overt cytokine storm.
Oct 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-3951
This article has been retracted on July 20, 2022. VIEW THE RETRACTION NOTICE (https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-25-5866) In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, now named as SARS-CoV-2, caused a series of acute atypical respiratory diseases in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The disease caused by this virus was termed COVID-19. The virus is transmittable between humans and has caused pandemic worldwide. The number of death tolls continues to rise and a large number of countries have been forced to do social distancing and lockdown. In humans, COVIDs mostly cause respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Clinical manifestations range from a common cold to more severe disease such as bronchitis, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure and even death. Preliminary evidence suggests children are just as likely as adults to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 but are less likely to be symptomatic or develop severe symptoms. in our study , we consider the symptomatology , complications and mortality patterns of this disease in children.
Apr 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-3741
Background Ethiopia confirmed its 1st case of COVID-19 on Friday 13th February 2020. The burden increased dramatically by August/2020. The conditions that led to this rise were not reviewed. Objective To exploreCOVID-19 related phenomena in Ethiopia during 2019-2020. Materials and Methods Review of journals, books, and letters to editors, e-sources, news, personal experiences, observations, and communications. Results The zoonotic source of SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome- Coronavirus-2) is not confirmed. The precedent events; and exact mechanism of COVID-19 is not clear. Dynamic models were required on the time line of dynamics of COVID-19; dynamics of infectiousness of COVID-19, and mechanism of transmission of COVID-19. Incubatory carriers might have been missed. Screening based on temperature had been problematic. The time spent in the development of diagnostic test for COVID-19 might have contributed to the early spread. Uninterrupted flights to China during the epidemic by Ethiopian Airlines as well as uninterrupted domestic flights; IDP (Internally Displaced People); and others put Ethiopia (and other countries) at great risk. Demographic adjustment may not be applicable for Ethiopia due to lack of census which had to be conducted every 10 year, was conducted only in 2007. This adds to the problem of error projection. The impact of HIV (Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus Disease) and war in Ethiopia before 2000 might have had affected people who would be now old age and who would be at the most risk of death. This made the impact of COVID-19 to appear low as revealed by the lower number of COVID-related deaths in Ethiopia. There were also hesitations inconsistencies in case definitions; implementations of quarantine; and burial regulations. Conclusion Even though uninhibited foreign flight to China as well as domestic flights; inconsistencies in the implementation of regulations pertaining to COVID-19 have contributed to COVID- 19 emergence in Ethiopia, the absence of census; the demographic impact of HIV and war before 2000 might have made the impact of COVID-19 to appear low as revealed by the lower number of COVID-related deaths in Ethiopia. Recommendation Accurate and current evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 in Ethiopia may require the absence of census; demographic consequences of HIV; and war before 2000 into consideration.
Jan 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3685
The current uncontrollable outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has unleashed severe global consequences in all aspects of life and society, bringing the whole world to a complete halt and has modeled significant threats to the global economy. The COVID-19 infection manifests with flu-like symptoms such as cough, cold, and fever resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), lung dysfunction, and other systemic complications in critical patients are creating panic across the globe. However, the licensed vaccine has started to show up; some resulted in side effects that would limit its possibility in some circumstances as allergic personnel, for example. Moreover, the production and approval of new drugs is a very complicated process and takes a long time. On the other hand, stem cells have gone the extra mile and intensively investigated at preclinical and clinical studies in various degenerative diseases, including infectious ones. Stem cells are proposed as a broad-spectrum therapeutic agent, which may suppress the exaggerated immune response and promote endogenous repair by enhancing COVID-19 infected lung microenvironment. Also, stem cells have different application manners, either direct transplantation, exosome transplantation, or drug delivery of specific cytokines or nanoparticles with antiviral property by engineering stem cells. This review discusses and summarizes the possible emerging role of cell-based therapy, especially stem cell therapy, as an alternative promising therapeutic option for the treatment and control of novel COVID-19 and its potential role in tissue rejuvenation after COVID-19 infection.