Open Access Pub publishes peer-reviewed, free-to-read open-access articles. Showing
articles matching Endocrine — open any to read the full text,
or download the PDF or XML.
Feb 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2690-4837.ijip-20-3176
Bajaj AnubhaCorresponding author
MD. (Pathology) Panjab University, Department of Histopathology, A.B. Diagnostics, A-1, Ring Road, Rajouri Garden, New Delhi, 110027, India.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a syndrome emerging from characteristic mutations of MEN1 gene with concurrently enunciated multiple endocrine and tumours and associated non-endocrine neoplasm. Previously designated as Werner’s syndrome, MEN1 syndrome denominates genomic mutation within chromosome 11q13 or a tumour suppressor gene with a distinctive protein product nomenclated as “menin”. MEN1 syndrome demonstrates an autosomal dominant pattern of disease inheritance where genomic mutations delineate a comprehensive (100%) disease penetrance. MEN1 gene was initially identified in 1997 upon chromosome 11q13. Although twelve genetic mutations were primarily identified, currently beyond eighteen hundred genomic mutations are scripted12. MEN1 syndrome is comprised of diverse combination of twenty or more endocrine and non-endocrine tumours exemplifying a classic triad of pituitary, parathyroid and pancreatic neoplasm. Diverse non endocrine tumours enunciated with MEN1 syndrome are denominated with meningioma, ependymoma or angiofibroma12. Endocrine tumours are discerned on account of excessive hormonal secretion engendered from various neoplasm or on account of neoplastic evolution. Approximately 10% instances can occur due to a de-novo genomic variant. Offspring of an individual with MEN1 syndrome quantifies a 50% possibility of inheriting the genomic variant. Cogent prenatal diagnosis can be determined in instances where specific genomic variant of a particular family is known. Physical, psychological and social restrictions are prevalent with MEN1 syndrome. Heterozygotes with MEN1 genetic variant are denominated as carriers and manifest a two- fold possible mortality12.
May 2018
Alatsathianos IoannisCorresponding author
Laboratory of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Genetics alone cannot thoroughly expound the environmental impact on the molecular complexity of the endocrine system. Epigenetic-induced alteration in gene expression has emerged as a way in which environmental compounds may exert endocrine effects. The environmental compounds that interfere with normal endocrine signaling are one of the largest classes of toxicants we are exposed to, on a daily basis. Epigenetic mechanisms, mainly the methylation of DNA and the modification of histones, lead to differentiated activation and deactivation of genome domains creating phenotype plasticity and divergent endocrine function among populations and individuals, as well. The issues examined in the present review are related to environmental epigenetics, and more precisely, the epigenetic-mediated modulation and relevance of endocrine disrupting chemicals, focusing on three broad aspects: 1) persistence of EDs, 2) their major hormonal effects and 3) the potential of compounds previously considered as endocrine disruptors to induce epigenetic effects. Evidence suggests that environmental exposures notably impact expression of endocrine-related genes and, thus, affect clinical endocrine outcomes.
Feb 2026
Singhal SunilCorresponding author
Objective The landscape of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has changed due to liberalized utilization of computed tomography, developments in immunotherapy and targeted treatments, and guidelines encouraging sublobar resections. We analyzed the implications of these advances for surgical procedures over a 16-year period. Methods The National Cancer Database was used to identify NSCLC incident cases from 2004 to 2020. Histology, stage, grade, and treatment were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results 2,028,553NSCLC patients were identified. Each year was associated with an increase in Stage I for NSCLC (OR1.05, 95%CI 1.05-1.05) and histological subtypes (adenocarcinoma: OR1.03, 95%CI 1.03-1.04; squamous: OR1.02, 95%CI 1.02-1.02; neuroendocrine: OR1.11, 95%CI 1.11-1.12), with no change in adenosquamous histology. A similar increase was observed for well- or moderately-differentiated histology (OR1.04, 95%CI 1.04-1.04). The proportion of patients receiving chemotherapy decreased (OR0.98, 95%CI 0.98-0.98), while more patients were treated with immunotherapy or targeted therapy, including an increase of 14% using immunotherapy or targeted therapy as first-line treatment. There was a decrease in the likelihood of receiving pneumonectomy (OR 0.91, 95%CI 0.91-0.91). Despite guidelines advocating sublobar resections, these procedures only increased by 1.1% per year. Conclusions Over the 16-year study period, there was a significant trend towards diagnosis of Stage I NSCLC. The most pronounced change in treatment patterns has been more patients receiving immunotherapy and less chemotherapy. Despite a promising decrease in pneumonectomies, the frequency of sublobar resections remains stagnant, indicating limited uptage in current practice.
Dec 2025
Liu LipingCorresponding author
The incidence rate of melasma is notably high among patients with anxiety disorders. Aromatherapy primarily influences the physiological and psychological states of individuals through the inhalation or application of essential oils, thereby facilitating the treatment or alleviation of various conditions. This study aims to explore the action mechanism of complex lemon-angelica sinensis -boswellia essential oil (CEO) in treating anxiety disorders with melasma. We investigated the active ingredients, targets, and pathways of CEO in relation to anxiety and melasma using network pharmacology. We employed cell assays and conducted nebulized essential oil inhalation tests on CUMS mice to validate the intervention effects of CEO on anxiety. A total of 28 active components, including neryl acetate, 3-butenylphthalide and octyl acetate, and 26 cross-targets, such as ESR1, CCND1 and PIK3CA, were identified. GO and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that these cross-targets were primarily involved in endocrine regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, specifically through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and calcium signaling pathway. The experimental results demonstrated that CEO significantly reduced the secretion of NO, TNF-a and IL-6, as well as the mRNA expressions of ESR1, CCND1 and PIK3CA in cells compared to the inflammatory cell model. Furthermore, CEO notably decreased the forced swimming immobility time of mice and the levels of IL-1β, ESR1 and CCND1 in hippocampus when compared to model mice. These findings suggest that CEO may regulate ESR1, CCND1 and PIK3CA through its citral, 3-butylphthalate and neryl acetate, thereby influencing endocrine function, cell proliferation and apoptosis, inhibiting inflammation and anxiety-like behavior in CUMS-induced mice.
Feb 2022 DOI 10.14302/issn.2689-5773.jcdp-22-4065
Zaichick VladimirCorresponding author
Prof., Dr. Vladimir Zaichick, Medical Radiological Research Centre, Korolyev St. 4, Obninsk 249036, Russia.
Thyroid malignant nodules (TMNs) are the most common endocrine cancer. The etiology and pathogenesis of TMNs must be considered as multifactorial. Diagnostic evaluation of TMNs represents a challenge, since there are numerous benign and malignant thyroid disorders that need to be exactly attributed. The present study was performed to clarify the possible role of some trace elements (TEs) as cancer biomarker. For this aim thyroid tissue levels of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), iodine (I), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), and zinc (Zn) were prospectively evaluated in malignant tumor and thyroid tissue adjacent to tumor of 41 patients with TMNs. Measurements were performed using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis. Results of the study were additionally compared with previously obtained data for the same TEs in “normal” thyroid tissue. From results obtained, it was possible to conclude that the common characteristics of TMNs in comparison with “normal” thyroid and visually “intact” thyroid tissue adjacent to tumor were drastically reduced level of I. It was supposed that the drastically reduced level of I content in cancerous tissue could possibly be explored for differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules.
Feb 2022 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-4488.jna-21-4039
K Al Miraj ACorresponding author
Research Assistant, Department of Vascular Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU)Dhaka, Bangladesh.
The function of the thyroid gland is one of the most important in the human body as it regulates the majority of the body's physiological actions. The thyroid produces hormones (T3 and T4) that have many actions including metabolism, development, protein synthesis, and the regulation of many other important hormones. There is a lot of interaction between the kidney and thyroid gland during the disease States thyroid hormones have a major role in regulating the glomerular filtration rate through its hormonal actions in normal physiology. But these things are altered in the disease States such as chronic kidney disease. It is a well-known fact that hypothyroidism causes decreased Glomerular filtration rate whereas hyperthyroidism causes increased Glomerular filtration rate leading to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. In our study we aim to see the prevalence of low T3 syndrome in different stages of CKD which is a state of physiological benefit in preserving the proteins lost through the Kidneys in CKD patients and since CKD is progressed in hyperthyroidism state it is a protective mechanism in restoring the CKD status. Other subclinical hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune hypothyroidism. Glomerulonephritis are all part of a dynamic endocrine and nephrology sequence. Thorough knowledge of these is required for optimum treatment of thyroid in CKD patients.
Apr 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2641-9181.ijnr-19-2771
Ozcelik FatihCorresponding author
University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
In literature, it has been reported that adrenomedullin, which is generally thought to have vasodilator, natriuretic and diuretic effects, is synthesized in almost all body, especially CNS, vascular muscles and endothelium, heart, liver, lung, kidney, gastric mocosa, intestinal endothelium and various blood cells. It has been found that the possible effects of adrenomedullin can be demonstrated directly or indirectly by means of active mediators, neuropeptides, enzymes and hormones. It is also suggested that it regulates the endocrine system by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. It increases in heart failure, acute coronary syndromes, hypertensive conditions, cerebrovascular accessory, chronic renal failure and periodontitis and decreases in peptic ulcer and intestinal diseases. However, it is still not clear whether increase/decrease in adrenomedullin level is a cause of a disease or is a result of damage due to an illness. This peptide, which could be thought to multifunctional, should be considered as a molecule with genetic coding that may have different effects on different tissues and conditions. For all these reasons, we aimed to review the multifonctional behavior of adrenemedullin in the light of the current literature to pioneer new hypotheses and discuss possible mechanisms.
Jan 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2691-5014.jphn-18-2456
Mohamadreza AmiriCorresponding author
Vitamin D, the sunshine vitamin, is now recognized not only for its importance in promoting bone health in children and adults, but also for its other health benefits, including reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, common cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Ultraviolet radiation of the sun with wavelengths of 290-310 nm penetrates into the skin and converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3, which quickly transforms to vitamin D3. Vitamin D (D represents either D2 or D3) made in the skin or ingested through diet is biologically inert and requires two successive hydroxylations first in the liver on carbon 25 to form 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D and then in the kidney for a hydroxylation on carbon 1 to form the biologically active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) 121419. The concentration of the produced 25-hydroxy vitamin D in blood circulation is 1,000 times more than 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 4, and it is regarded as a standard indicator of vitamin D status in humans 3. 25-hydroxy vitamin D half-life is about 2-3 weeks and it is regulated by calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) to some extent. 25-hydroxy vitamin D content also reflects the amount of vitamin D produced in the skin after exposure to sunlight or received through food intake 56. Guidelines for vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency defined by serum 25(OH)D concentrations have been published from many countries and regions all over the world 7891011. Vitamin D deficiency is a pandemic problem. According to global estimations, more than one billion people around the world suffer from vitamin D deficiency. Among Iranian population, the incidence of vitamin D deficiency varies from 2.5 to 98.5% based on geographic area 1213. Various factors may give rise to vitamin D deficiency, including skin pigments, low levels of vitamin D in diet (insufficient fish oil and egg yolk intake), malnutrition, genetic factors, exclusive breast feeding, vitamin D deficiency of mother during pregnancy, prematurity, chronic use of drugs (e.g., anticonvulsants, aluminum-containing anti-acids, rifampcin, isoniazid, antifungal drugs, antiviral drugs, and glucocorticoids), winter and obesity 113. Cultural habits, the need for full body coverage during outdoor activities and the lack of sunlight programs are the risk factors for low vitamin D levels in women 151617. Children enter foster care due to early childhood adverse experiences such as poor prenatal and infant health care, food insecurity, chronic stress, and the effects of abuse and neglect. As a result, they are at higher risk for poor physical, psychological, neuroendocrine and neurocognitive outcomes compared to others. Foster children are at risk for growth and nutritional deficiencies due to their poor nutritional environment prior to placement in foster care. Insufficient caloric intake results in growth deficiencies. Evidence showed that the risk of stunting and underweight is high in this population 18. The risk of developing hypovitaminosis D was significantly higher in children living in foster homes. One reason is that they are at higher risk of child abuse, emotional deprivation and physical neglect than children living with their families. Moreover, these children most likely do not spend much time outdoors and they lack adequate sun exposure. Another reason is that as children grow up in institutional care, they shift from a diet of vitamin D–fortified formula milk to cooked food, which may not be fortified with vitamin D 1. Iranian government has made some efforts to apply efficient interventions to reduce the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, and the country’s healthcare system should be managed through accurate planning. Yet, in this country, studies on vitamin D deficiency in children living in foster homes are very limited, and given that timely diagnosis and treatment of this deficiency is vital, this research is conducted in Ali Asghar foster home in Mashhad, Iran.
Dec 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2524
Crespi FrancescoCorresponding author
Biology, GSK Verona, Italy
The pineal gland constitutes a major neuroendocrine organ in the brain. By mean of its neurohormone melatonin it transduces exogenous signals such as circadian and seasonal variations of light and temperature into proper hormonal changes which adjust and adapt internal endocrine functions. Alteration of circadian rhythms has been associated with affective disorders, psychosomatic diseases and cancer. It has been observed that light deprivation, which stimulates (the enzymes responsible for) melatonin production in the pineal, enhances the animal's ethanol preference. Similarly, administration of the pineal hormone to rats maintained under normal conditions of constant photoperiod also induced ethanol drinking. Our hypothesis is that in normal conditions melatonin might be acting as a cerebral "pacemaker", sensitive to endogenous as well as exogenous stimuli in the attempt to maintain an equilibrate circadian interaction between the cerebral activities of endogenous aminergic and opiates systems. Abnormal states (i.e. drug abuse) could result in altered pineal activity, then in rhythmically altered functions of cerebral opiates and/or monoamine neurotransmitters. This may led to the development of a “reward - urge for drug rhythm” resulting in craving, ending in addiction.
Mar 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2575-1212.jvhc-18-2012
A Halawa AmalCorresponding author
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faulty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor with a weak estrogenic effect used in industry as a component of food cans. We aimed to study the toxic effects of BPA on mRNA expression of steroidogenic genes and testicular structure in mature male rats. Animals were divided into 3 groups: vehicle control rats as first group, while second group received 10 µg/kg BW and third group received BPA 15 µg/kg BW orally every alternate day for a period of 105 successive days. Serum testosterone level, mRNA expression of genes related to steroid synthesis, histopathological examination, spermatogenesis index and number of Leydig cells were evaluated in this study. Lower serum hormone levels were observed in both BPA-treated groups as compared to the control group. The gene expression patterns of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 17a(CYP17a) and 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) were significantly down-regulated in BPA-treated rats compared to control group. Meanwhile, the expression of aromatase (CYP19) and lutinizing hormone receptor (LHR) was significantly up-regulated. Histopathological lesions were observed in the testes and epididymis of BPA-treated rats. Spermatogenesis index and the number of Leydig cells were significantly decreased in BPA-treated groups compared with the control group. This study highlights negative effect of BPA on steroidogenic genes and testicular structure in male rats.
Jan 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2641-5526.jmid-17-1891
Attanasio RobertoCorresponding author
Endocrinology, Galeazzi Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Background Conventional tools for medical education are burdened by many drawbacks. Textbooks become rapidly outdated, meeting attendance is expensive, and results reported in journals are not easily suitable for clinical practice. Uptodate and Endotext are excellent online tools, but they have been developed for a clinical context far different from that of our country. Methodology Italian Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AME) charged a task force aiming to develop an educational tool specifically tailored for Italian clinical endocrinologists. Required characteristics were clinical approach, modularity, continuous updating, full online availability (even by mobile devices), open sections and sections for registered members only, opportunity for individualization, indexing and search engine to facilitate browsing. Starting from an open-source platform, Joomla, several changes were implemented. Results Three editors, 2 central editorial secretaries, 30 section coordinators and over 350 authors have been involved in the writing of 21 different sections covering all fields of endocrine and metabolic diseases. The access to Endowiki is free for AME members and is fully open in sections for patients. All readers are requested to serve as referee, pointing to mistakes and need for revision. The system is attended daily by a mean of 250 individuals. Conclusions Endowiki stands alone as an opportunity for medical education in Italy. The big challenges will be the continuous updating and the link to the national certified system for CME.
May 2015 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-4496.jtc-14-395
Alhefdhi AmalCorresponding author
Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
Background: Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC) is a rare malignancy, accounting for less than 3% of all thyroid cancers and causes significant morbidity and mortality. MTC is often due to an underlying mutation of the RET proto-oncogene, which can result in additional endocrinopathies that must be screened for pre-operatively. The project aim was to determine if surgical training background influenced patient pre-operative evaluation for MTC. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for MTC at a single academic institution. Patients were analyzed based on who performed the initial operative procedure, a surgeon with specific endocrine surgery training or a surgeon without. Results: From 1994 to 2011, 37 patients with MTC were identified. Thirty percent were managed by an endocrine surgeon and 70% by a non-endocrine surgeon. A complete thyroid work-up was done for all the patients managed by an endocrine surgeon vs. 38.5% of the non-endocrine surgeon patients (p<0.01). Appropriate preoperative endocrine screening was performed in 91% of the endocrine surgeon patients vs. 50% of the non-endocrine surgeon patients (p= 0.03). RET mutation genetic testing was done for all endocrine surgeon patients vs. 85% of non-endocrine surgeon patients (p= 0.30). Conclusion: Endocrine trained surgeons recognize and appropriately manage the complexity of MTC and associated endocrinopathies, more often than surgeons without an endocrine surgery background. This may result in optimized management of these patients.