To manage an escalating amount of genomic information, bioinformatic tools are required to maintain and analyze the DNA sequences from different organism 8. Determination of sequence homology, gene finding, coding region identification, structural and functional analyses of genomic sequences etc, all this is possible by the use of different bioinformatics tools and software packages 9.

Given below is a list of few bioinformatics tools used in genomics Table 1.

Bioinformatics plays an important role in comparative genomics by determing the genomic structural and functional relationship between different biological species 27.

Given below is a list of few bioinformatics tools used in comparative genomics Table 2.

Advanced molecular based techniques led to the accumulation of huge proteomic data of protein activity patterns, interactions, profiling, composition, structural information, image analysis, peptide mass fingerprinting, peptide fragmentation fingerprinting etc 5455. This enormous data could be managed by using different tools of bioinformatics.

Given below is a list of few bioinformatics tools used in proteomics Table 3.

Clinical bioinformatics is an emerging new field of bioinformatics that employs various bioinformatics tool such as computer aided drug designing to design novel drugs, vaccines, DNA drug modelling ,insilico drug testing,etc to produce new and effective drugs in a shorter time frame with lower risks 6263.

Bioinformatic tools such as NCI 64, NCIP (part of NCI) 65 and CBIIT 66 have played an important role in genomics, proteomics, imaging, and metabolomics to increase our knowledge of the molecular basis of cancer 67.

Using numerous bioinformatics tools, phylogenetic analysis of the molecular data can easily be achieved in a short period of time by constructing phylogenetic trees to study its evolutionary relationship based on sequence alignment 68.

A number of databases consists of DNA profiles of known delinquents 69. Advancement in microarray technology, bayesian networks, programming algorithms etc provides an effective method of evidence organization and interpretation 7071.

Though bioinformatics has limited impact on forensic since there is a need for more advanced algorithms and computational applications so that the established databases may exhibit interoperability with each other 72.

Progressions in structural /functional genomics and molecular technologies such as genome sequencing and DNA microarrays generates valuable knowledge which explains nutrition in relation of an individual’s genetics which directly influences its metabolism 73. Because of the influx of bioinformatics tools, nutrition-related research is tremendously increased 7475.

Regulation of gene expression is the core of functional genomics allowing researchers to apply genomic data to molecular technologies that can quantify the amount of actively transcribing genes in any cell at any time (e.g. gene expression arrays) 7677.

Given below is a list of few bioinformatics tools used in gene expression study Table 4.

New improvements in computing algorithms and available structural simulation databases of recognized structures has brought molecular modeling into conventional food chemistry. Such simulations will make it possible to improve food quality by developing new food additives by comprehending the basis of taste tenacity, antagonism and complementation 9091.

Protein topology prediction is now so much easy thanks to bioinformatics which helps in the prediction of 3D structure of a protein to gain an insight into its function as well 92.

Given below is a list of few bioinformatics tools used in protein structure and function prediction Table 5.

Doctors will be able to analyse a patient's genetic profile and prescribe the best available drug therapy and dosage from the beginning by employing bioinformatics tool 100.

Microbes have been studied at very basic level with the help of bioinformatics tools required to analyse their unique set of genes that enables them to survive under unfavourable conditions 101.