The selenium (Se) powder sample was procured from Sigma Aldrich, USA and the other chemicals required during the experiments were of the analytical standard available in India.

The particle size analysis of Se powder was performed with the help of Malvern Mastersizer 2000, of the UK, with a detection range between 0.01 µm to 3000 µm using the wet method 3031. The sample unit (Hydro MV) was filled with a sunflower oil dispersant medium and the stirrer operated at 2500 rpm. Particle size distribution analysis of Se powder was performed to obtain the average particle size. Where, d(0.1) μm, d(0.5) μm, d(0.9) μm represent particle diameter corresponding to 10%_, 50%_, and 90% of the cumulative distribution. D(4,3) represents the average mass-volume diameter, and SSA is the specific surface area (m²/g). The calculations were done by using software Mastersizer Ver. 5.54.

The percent change in particle size (d) for Se powder at below 10% level (d₁₀)_, 50% level (d₅₀)_, 90% level (d₉₀), and D(4,3) was calculated using the following equation 1:

(1) Where d_Controland d_Treatedare the particle sizes (μm) at below 10% level (d₁₀)_, 50% level (d₅₀)_, and 90% level (d₉₀) of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.

The percent change in surface area (S) was calculated using the following equation 2:

(2)

Where S_Control and S_Treated are the surface area of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated Se, respectively.

The PXRD analysis of Se powder sample was executed with the help of Rigaku MiniFlex-II Desktop X-ray diffractometer (Japan) 3233. The Cu Kα radiation source tube output voltage and output current were 30 kV and 15 mA, respectively. Scans were performed at room temperature. The size of individual crystallites was calculated from PXRD data using the Scherrer’s formula (3)

G = kλ/βcosθ(3)

Where k is the equipment constant (0.94), G is the crystallite size in nm, λ is the radiation wavelength (0.154056 nm for Kα1 emission), β is the full-width at half maximum (FWHM), and θ is the Bragg angle 34.

The percent change in crystallite size (G) of Se was calculated using the following equation 4:

(4)Where G_Control and G_Treated are the crystallite size of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.

The DSC analysis of Se powder sample was performed with the help of DSC Q200, TA instruments. Sample of ~1-2 mg was loaded to the aluminium sample pan at a heating rate of 10ºC/min from 30°C to 350°C 3031. The % change in melting point (T) was calculated using the following equation 5:

(5)

Where T_Control and T_Treated are the melting point of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.

The percent change in the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was calculated using following equation 6:

(6)

Where ΔH_Controland ΔH_Treatedare the latent heat of fusion of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated Se, respectively.

The particle size distribution analysis data of both the control and the Biofield Energy Treated Se powder samples are presented in Table 1. The particle size values of the control Se powder at d₁₀, d₅₀, d₉₀, and D(4,3) were 9.859 µm, 26.595 µm, 53.601 µm, and 29.513 µm, respectively. Similarly, the particle sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated sample at d₁₀, d₅₀, d₉₀, and D(4,3) were 6.143 µm, 22.775 µm, 51.29 µm, and 26.095 µm, respectively. The particle size values of the Biofield Energy Treated Se sample were significantly decreased by 37.69%, 14.36%, 4.31%, and 11.58% at d₁₀, d₅₀, d₉₀, and D(4,3), respectively compared to the control sample. Therefore, the specific surface area of the Biofield Energy Treated sample (0.433 m²/g) was significantly increased by 33.64% compared with the control sample (0.324 m²/g). The results suggested that the Trivedi Effect^®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might act as an external force for breaking larger particles to smaller one hence increasing the surface area of Se particles significantly. Pharmaceutical compounds with smaller particle size increase the surface area and improve the dissolution rate, and bioavailability in the body 1135. Therefore, the Biofield Energy Treated Se powder would offer better solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy compared to the untreated sample.

The diffractogram of the control Se powder sample showed sharp and intense peaks at Bragg’s angle (2q) near to 23.32°, 29.64°, 41.06°, 43.53°, 45.17°, 51.69°, and 61.12° (Figure 1). Similarly, the diffractogram of the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed sharp and intense peaks at Bragg’s angle (2q) near to 23.65°, 29.92°, 41.51°, 43.91°, 45.54°, 51.87°, and 61.57° (Figure 1). The sharp and intense peaks of both the diffractograms specified that the samples were crystalline. The highest peak intensity of the control and Biofield Energy Treated sample were observed at 2θ equal to 29.64° and 29.92°, respectively (Table 2, entry 2). The peak intensities of the Biofield Energy Treated sample were significantly decreased in the range from 5.23% to 100% compared to the control sample. However, the crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated Se sample were significantly increased in the range from 75% to 111.7% compared to the control sample. Overall, the average crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated Se powder (96.94 nm) was significantly decreased by 7.81% compared to the control sample (105.16 nm).

As per the literature, the peak intensity of each diffraction face on the crystalline compound changes according to the crystal morphology and alterations in the XRD pattern provide the proof of polymorphic transitions 363738. The Trivedi Effect^®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment probably produced the new polymorphic form of Se through the mediation of neutrinos 15. Different polymorphic forms of pharmaceuticals have significant effects on drug performance, such as bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, and toxicity, because of their physicochemical properties are different from the original form 3940. Therefore, the Trivedi Effect^®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treated Se would be better in designing novel pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations.

The thermal analysis has been performed to characterize the thermal behavior of the Biofield Energy Treated Se compared to the control sample (Table 3). The thermograms of both the control and Biofield Energy Treated sample showed sharp endothermic peaks at 222.1°C and 221.5°C, respectively (Figure 2). The melting point of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was slightly decreased by 0.27% compared with the control sample (Table 3).

The latent heat of fusion (∆Hfusion) of the Biofield Energy Treated sample (78.23 J/g) was significantly increased by 12.37% compared with the control sample (69.62 J/g) (Table 3). The significant change in the ∆Hfusion can be attributed to the change in the molecular chains and the crystal structure of that compound 41. Thus, it can be assumed that the Biofield Energy Treatment might be responsible for the improved thermal stability of the treated Se sample compared to the control sample.

The authors are grateful to Central Leather Research Institute, SIPRA Lab. Ltd., Trivedi Science, Trivedi Global, Inc., Trivedi Testimonials, and Trivedi Master Wellness for their assistance and support during this work.